联合国大会周四呼吁结束乌克兰战争，并要求俄罗斯根据《联合国宪章》立即从乌克兰撤军。
在其第十一次紧急特别会议续会上，世界机构通过了一项呼吁结束战争的新决议，就在周五冲突进入第二年的几个小时前。
联合国大会通过了一项决议，要求俄罗斯撤离乌克兰。
赞成：141
反对：7
弃权：32
结果是 141 个成员国赞成，7 个反对——白俄罗斯、朝鲜民主主义人民共和国、厄立特里亚、马里、尼加拉瓜、俄罗斯和叙利亚。 在 32 票弃权票中，有中国、印度和巴基斯坦。
根据这份包含 11 段的决议，大会重申要求俄罗斯“立即、完全和无条件地从乌克兰领土上撤出所有军队，并呼吁停止敌对行动”。
解决战争的全球影响
大会通过该决议敦促会员国本着团结精神进行合作，以应对战争对粮食安全、能源、金融、环境以及核安全与安全的全球影响。 强调持久和平的安排应考虑这些因素，大会还呼吁所有国家支持秘书长努力应对这些影响。
续会于周三举行会议，开始辩论该决议，大会主席乔巴·克勒西 (Csaba Kőrösi) 表示，在整整一年中，拥有193 名成员的大会、秘书长和国际社会，在我们结束这场战争、遵守联合国宪章和国际法的呼吁中”始终如一，直言不讳”。
所有受害者的正义
大会还重申其对乌克兰在其国际公认边界内的主权、独立、统一和领土完整的承诺，该边界延伸至其领海。
该决议还强调有必要通过独立的国家或国际调查和起诉，确保追究在乌克兰犯下的国际法规定的最严重罪行的责任，以确保为所有受害者伸张正义并预防未来的罪行。
被拒绝的提案
该世界机构周四还拒绝了白俄罗斯提出的两项修正案。 第一项提案将修改决议的若干条款，第二项提案将要求大会呼吁会员国，除其他事项外，不要向冲突地区运送武器。
“历史的新篇章”
在周三的续会开始时，大会主席表示，在这个“历史的新篇章”中，世界正面临“关于我们作为一个国际社会是谁的严峻选择。 这些选择要么使我们走上团结和集体决心维护《联合国宪章》宗旨的道路，”他说，“要么走上侵略、战争、违反国际法常态化和全球行动崩溃的道路。”
在 2022 年 2 月 24 日入侵乌克兰几天后，在俄罗斯否决了一项谴责入侵乌克兰的决议后，联合国安理会成员投票允许大会召开第十一次紧急特别会议。
根据 1950 年通过的第 377A(V) 号决议，大会可以在安理会无法处理的情况下，处理国际和平与安全事务。
顾震帝整理，2023年2月24日。
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Study reveals how much energy AI uses to answer your questions
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Whether it’s answering work emails or drafting wedding vows, generative artificial intelligence tools have become a trusty copilot in many people’s lives. But a growing body of research shows that for every problem AI solves, hidden environmental costs are racking up.
Each word in an AI prompt is broken down into clusters of numbers called “token IDs” and sent to massive data centers — some larger than football fields — powered by coal or natural gas plants. There, stacks of large computers generate responses through dozens of rapid calculations.
The whole process can take up to 10 times more energy to complete than a regular Google search, according to a frequently cited estimation by the Electric Power Research Institute.
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So, for each prompt you give AI, what’s the damage? To find out, researchers in Germany tested 14 large language model (LLM) AI systems by asking them both free-response and multiple-choice questions. Complex questions produced up to six times more carbon dioxide emissions than questions with concise answers.
In addition, “smarter” LLMs with more reasoning abilities produced up to 50 times more carbon emissions than simpler systems to answer the same question, the study reported.
“This shows us the tradeoff between energy consumption and the accuracy of model performance,” said Maximilian Dauner, a doctoral student at Hochschule Munchen University of Applied Sciences and first author of the Frontiers in Communication study published Wednesday.
Typically, these smarter, more energy intensive LLMs have tens of billions more parameters — the biases used for processing token IDs — than smaller, more concise models.
“You can think of it like a neural network in the brain. The more neuron connections, the more thinking you can do to answer a question,” Dauner said.
What you can do to reduce your carbon footprint
Complex questions require more energy in part because of the lengthy explanations many AI models are trained to provide, Dauner said. If you ask an AI chatbot to solve an algebra question for you, it may take you through the steps it took to find the answer, he said.
UK project trials carbon capture at sea to help tackle climate change
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The world is betting heavily on carbon capture — a term that refers to various techniques to stop carbon pollution from being released during industrial processes, or removing existing carbon from the atmosphere, to then lock it up permanently.
The practice is not free of controversy, with some arguing that carbon capture is expensive, unproven and can serve as a distraction from actually reducing carbon emissions. But it is a fast-growing reality: there are at least 628 carbon capture and storage projects in the pipeline around the world, with a 60% year-on-year increase, according to the latest report from the Global CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) Institute. The market size was just over $3.5 billion in 2024, but is projected to grow to $14.5 billion by 2032, according to Fortune Business Insights.
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Perhaps the most ambitious — and the most expensive — type of carbon capture involves removing carbon dioxide (CO2) directly from the air, although there are just a few such facilities currently in operation worldwide. Some scientists believe that a better option would be to capture carbon from seawater rather than air, because the ocean is the planet’s largest carbon sink, absorbing 25% of all carbon dioxide emissions.
In the UK, where the government in 2023 announced up to ?20 billion ($26.7 billion) in funding to support carbon capture, one such project has taken shape near the English Channel. Called SeaCURE, it aims to find out if sea carbon capture actually works, and if it can be competitive with its air counterpart.
“The reason why sea water holds so much carbon is that when you put CO2 into the water, 99% of it becomes other forms of dissolved carbon that don’t exchange with the atmosphere,” says Paul Halloran, a professor of Ocean and Climate Science at the University of Exeter, who leads the SeaCURE team.
“But it also means it’s very straightforward to take that carbon out of the water.”
Pilot plant
SeaCURE started building a pilot plant about a year ago, at the Weymouth Sea Life Centre on the southern coast of England. Operational for the past few months, it is designed to process 3,000 liters of seawater per minute and remove an estimated 100 tons of CO2 per year.
“We wanted to test the technology in the real environment with real sea water, to identify what problems you hit,” says Halloran, adding that working at a large public aquarium helps because it already has infrastructure to extract seawater and then discharge it back into the ocean.
The carbon that is naturally dissolved in the seawater can be easily converted to CO2 by slightly increasing the acidity of the water. To make it come out, the water is trickled over a large surface area with air blowing over it. “In that process, we can constrict over 90% of the carbon out of that water,” Halloran says.
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