作者:Alton Frye

烏克蘭對俄羅斯战争取得令人印象深刻的軍事勝利的故事中缺少了一些東西。 這一成功的关键是一個名為和平夥伴關係 (PfP) 的計劃。 

自 1990 年以來,烏克蘭一直是積極的參與者,這一經歷對於基輔利用北約不斷擴大的支持的能力來說是不可或缺的。

PfP 的概念根源於喬治 H.W. 布什,但在克林頓和喬治·W·布什政府期間,它成為一項嚴肅的任务。支持者認為它比正式擴大北約更可取,北約擴大是一個需要擴大條約第 5 條對每個成員國領土完整的保證的過程。

PfP 選項是那些反對北約擴大的人爭論的核心。 由丹尼爾·帕特里克·莫伊尼漢 (DN.Y.) 和約翰·華納 (R-Va.) 領導的兩黨參議員小組贊成與前蘇聯衛星國積極開展安全合作,但認為讓他們成為正式聯盟成員既沒有必要也不明智。 許多其他領導人懷疑北約早期擴張是否明智,認為俄羅斯潛在的複仇主義可以通過合作而不是將聯盟的邊界延伸到莫斯科來阻止。

在重要的方面,對俄羅斯侵略的反應證明了北約擴張的支持者和反對者都是正確的。 烏克蘭與北約的密切關係早在 1991 年就開始了,並在三年後基輔加入 PfP 時呈現出更多的官方關係。

這些不僅僅是名義上的聯繫; 他們促進了烏克蘭軍隊與北約幾個軍事機構之間的實地工作安排。 幾十年來,這種關係通過各種憲章、理事會和委員會不斷發展,特別是 1997 年的獨特夥伴關係憲章。 北約-烏克蘭委員會 (NUC) 在 2009 年的附加協議的支持下監督了範圍廣泛的規劃、培訓、桌面演習以及最重要的行動合作。

20 多年來,北約聯絡處促進了烏克蘭能力的現代化及其與盟軍的互操作性。 這些努力通常是雙邊的,因此烏克蘭軍官和軍隊與鄰國建立了密切的關係。

烏克蘭協助北約在巴爾乾地區的維和行動,包括在科索沃部署重型工程部隊。 它參與了穩定阿富汗局勢的多國努力,提供了寶貴的飛越權,並派遣醫務人員和教官幫助該國苦苦掙扎的軍隊。 烏克蘭軍官是北約在伊拉克訓練任務的一部分,烏克蘭船隻多次部署以支持地中海的反恐和反海盜監視。

這種實際的 PfP 活動網絡意味著,當俄羅斯在 2022 年發動大規模入侵時,烏克蘭準備充分利用北約的支持。

烏克蘭在戰場上的成功在很大程度上也歸功於附近的北約成員國,尤其是波蘭和波羅的海國家,他们準備支持基輔。 他們和其他聯盟夥伴吸收了戰爭造成的大量難民潮,並一直強烈主張向烏克蘭提供更好的武器。

北約東擴改變了鄰里關係。 基輔在加入該聯盟的北約政府中找到了熱心支持者,作為該進程的一部分。 當然,這些國家對俄羅斯侵略的危險最為敏感。 即使他們不是北約成員,他們的興趣也在於支持烏克蘭和阻止俄羅斯未來的侵略前景。 然而,他們的成員身份極大地增強了他們在塑造聯盟戰爭態勢方面的影響力。

如果不注意俄羅斯自身與北約的關係,這種背景將是不完整的。 蘇聯的解體從根本上改變了歐洲的安全格局,因此必須設計一種新的穩定結構。 北約被證明是基石,但它真誠地尋求將俄羅斯包括在內。 1997 年,北約俄羅斯成立法案為兩國關係制定了一套建設性原則,俄羅斯也很快加入了 PfP。

在一個充滿希望的時期,當時的總統德米特里梅德韋傑夫被問及俄羅斯是否真的可能成為北約成員。 他說還沒有提出要約,但“永遠不要說永遠不會。” 俄羅斯強烈反對美國轟炸塞爾維亞,但也有重要的合作,莫斯科為對阿富汗的國際干預運輸非軍事貨物就突顯了這一點。

可悲的是,那些良性聯繫動搖了。 莫斯科認為北約在中歐的安排是敵對的,而不是防禦性的。 俄羅斯被弗拉基米爾·普京的恐懼和野心所俘虜,使自己成為了它本不需要成為的棄兒。

顾震帝整理。02/15/2023

114,382 thoughts on “国际视角(一) 《烏克蘭軍事成功背後不為人知的故事》 ”
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  2. Dianabol can be used in conjunction with other anabolic steroids corresponding to methandienone to spice up muscular progress. Dianabol is regularly utilized by bodybuilders in 8-12 week cycles to bulk up and gain weight. Nonetheless, as a result of Dianabol is sort of potent, it’s crucial to use it with caution and to observe the advise of your doctor or trainer.
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    PCT should start approximately 2 weeks after your final injection of testosterone. A Testosterone Enanthate solely cycle lasts for a whopping 15 weeks, taking 500mg weekly till you reach week 10. Then you’ll skip week eleven and 12 before heading into PCT for the rest. If you prefer a Winstrol only cycle, you will comply with an analogous pattern of eight weeks, though with 50mg daily for the first 5 weeks earlier than heading into PCT for the remaining three weeks. Nonetheless, our patients’ HDL levels usually lower considerably from this trio, along side testosterone ranges falling to a hypogonadal vary.
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  3. Long-term use of steroids can have critical unwanted side effects, including a weakened immune system, osteoporosis, and an elevated risk of infection, among others. It is essential to work closely with your doctor to observe your health in case you are taking steroids for an extended time period. The onset time of Anadrol varies depending on several elements, together with dosage, age and weight, physique composition, food regimen and train routine, and other medications/supplements taken. In the primary week or two, you in all probability will not see much in the greatest way of outcomes. Nonetheless, by week three or four, you want to start to see some vital features in muscle mass and energy. Indicators that Anadrol is working could include increased muscle mass, improved energy and endurance, and a lower in recovery time between exercises. Whereas steroids might seem like the short and straightforward answer for gaining muscle, in addition they include many risks and adverse unwanted aspect effects, including infertility.
    If you utilize steroids regularly, your immune system may turn into compromised. This means that your physique could have a more durable time preventing off infections and sicknesses, and you could be more prone to get sick. This is because steroids can lower the variety of white blood cells in your physique, which are responsible for combating off infections.
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    This signifies that after 9 hours, half of the Anavar dose has been eradicated from your physique. It takes roughly 4-5 half-lives for a drug to be completely eliminated from your system. Subsequently, Anavar can stay in your system for as much as 45 hours after your last dose. Your odds rely upon the sort of steroid you took and how way back the cycle ended. Here are some strategies that might be able to get you out of bother. Medicine are usually measured in half-lives, rather than full-life. It’ll be certain that the quantity of medication in your system is stored constant.
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    Therefore we should expect a slightly longer half-life amongst these taking extraordinarily excessive (or supratherapeutic) dosages compared to these taking extremely low dosages. Plantar fasciitis occurs when connective tissue on the underside of your foot (called plantar fascia) turns into infected. This may cause intense stabbing ache and tenderness in your heel. Steroid injections into your heel relieve ache for a few month and also significantly reduce irritation. Your physician usually inserts a needle underneath your skin on the site of the pain.
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  4. But in the event that they already see vital positive aspects in the first month, they decrease the dosage to reduce the many dangers of steroid use. As a result of this fixed amped-up feeling, Halotestin is presumably the best steroid to take pre-workout. The downside to this is that customers could have extra difficulty sleeping at night time as a end result of excessive stimulation of the central nervous system.
    A unique benefit is that it might be injected just as quickly as each two weeks. Testosterone produces exceptional features with out excessively harsh unwanted facet effects. Hundreds Of Thousands of individuals around the globe take steroids; however, solely a small share achieve this in a responsible manner. Cleveland Clinic’s primary care suppliers provide lifelong medical care. From sinus infections and high blood pressure to preventive screening, we’re here for you. I can’t recommend this rotating upper/lower cut up extremely sufficient.
    The heavier the weight/greater the resistance, the extra our muscles are compelled to adapt, making them grow stronger over time. There are numerous athletes who have used steroids to enhance their muscle progress and athletic efficiency. Nevertheless, it’s essential to note that using steroids in sports is generally prohibited and might lead to severe penalties for athletes who are caught utilizing them. Moreover, it’s price noting that the features achieved through steroid use is most likely not sustainable in the lengthy term. Once steroid use is discontinued, muscle mass may decrease and energy might diminish.
    A Quantity Of of our sufferers have admitted to taking Proviron on the day of a photoshoot or competitors due to its sudden enhancements in vascularity and muscle definition. Primobolan is usually stacked with other compounds for enhanced results, corresponding to trenbolone or halotestin (when cutting). Winstrol additionally doesn’t produce the muscle fullness of Anavar, inflicting the muscle tissue to seem more flat or depleted.
    The steroid was first developed as a treatment for people with anemia. When you employ Anavar in accordance with the beneficial dosage for men and women, the chance for severe unwanted aspect effects turns into lower. It delivers pure muscle and raw power whereas getting rid of unwanted fat. It leaves you with a hard, ripped, and toned physique, able to face the physical challenges ahead. By putting your metabolism into overdrive, your physique is ready to use your stored fat for energy. These include being jittery, shaking palms, feeling wired, and having insomnia.
    However, the danger of unwanted effects will increase barely compared to operating testosterone alone. In this cycle, the dose increases (up to 500 mg), and the cycle is extended by an extra 3 weeks. This second cycle can add one other 10 kilos of lean mass on top of the initial features experienced from the primary cycle.
    For this reason, folks primarily use Anadrol as an low season bulking steroid. Anadrol causes important fluctuations in blood strain and liver enzymes. Dianabol is a toxic oral steroid; thus, it incessantly has undesirable results on liver values, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Customers can consume tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), a liver assist complement, to reduce hepatic pressure. Thus, Dianabol is more doubtless to produce related, if not barely superior, results to testosterone in regard to muscular strength and hypertrophy. We have discovered Anavar’s hepatic results to be much less toxic compared to different oral steroids.
    Subsequently, it’s necessary to have a plan in place for sustaining gains through continued train and proper nutrition after steroid use has ended. Nevertheless, whether opting for anabolic steroids or other medications, it’s important to think about the credibility of the sources and make sure the legality of acquiring such products to keep away from potential risks. This is a substitute dose not proven to extend lean mass significantly within the brief term. Nevertheless, using larger doses may enhance red blood cell production and blood viscosity, so your doctor wants to monitor your hematocrit blood ranges. In phrases of pure chemical muscle enhancement (https://www.joshhunt.com/news/for_the_best_results_you_need_dianabol_pct_post_cycle_therapy.html) tissue being built, trenbolone can rival any bulking steroid. Nonetheless, as a result of it doesn’t trigger extreme weight achieve because of water loss and fat loss, it takes the 4th spot.
    Anavar is a C-17 alpha-alkylated oral steroid; thus, it is processed by the liver upon absorption into the bloodstream. During testosterone supplementation, the pituitary gland alerts the testes to cease producing testosterone, contributing to hypogonadism (3). This process occurs as a result of supraphysiological ranges of serum testosterone and the physique making an attempt to maintain homeostasis. Due to its excessive market value, bodybuilders may be much less likely to make use of oral testosterone, also recognized as undecanoate or Andriol.

  5. Winstrol ought to only be used for the primary six weeks of this 12-week cycle, as it’s going to start working quicker than Parabolan. Testosterone should be included in the stack at 100mg weekly for testosterone alternative purposes only. This example is targeted on slicing or contest preparation and consists of the powerful slicing steroid Winstrol.
    A good PCT protocol will increase the natural testosterone production and save users from the assorted attainable parabolan unwanted effects. It is a powerful anabolic androgenic steroid that has nice muscle-building capacity. The original use of this drug is in veterinary drugs, and it was injected underneath the pores and skin of cattle to develop muscular tissues.
    Excessive androgen activity allows you to effectively get rid of fat, and the anabolic properties permit for fast gains of muscle mass. Thus, Parabolan shall be equally effective during bulking and chopping cycles. Very few steroids come close to Tren Hex in terms of muscular positive aspects, improved performance and effectiveness. Another advantage of Tren Hex is that it’s so versatile it could be utilized in slicing, bulking or energy cycles. This steroid will help the person improve muscular mass through the retention of nitrogen which is important to realize muscle. Secondly, it boosts the availability of red blood cells within the body enhancing the absorption of nutrients and reducing fatigue during intense workouts. Many will use Tren Hex throughout a bulking cycle for the explanation that gains made will be lean muscle mass with out water retention or bloat.
    It is understood that Trenbolone could cause a reduction within the ranges of good cholesterol (HDL) and an increase in bad cholesterol levels (LDL). Sustaining a high quality diet that keeps cholesterol in mind is critical to mitigate this downside. Still, not all bodybuilding users will welcome it, and you really must be mentally strong to withstand the urge to overeat when you’re on a strict food plan, or results will go out the window quick. Trenbolone’s only official and legal use is in livestock, and here, it’s used to extend their urge for food and muscle mass in order that they develop bigger. Within the first few weeks of your Tren cycle, you could add 100 lbs to your bench press.
    This effect is irreversible even Parabolan is stopped, though a surgery can be performed to remove excess tissues. Other unwanted effects embody suppressed manufacturing of testosterone, defects in the formation of sperms and low stage of sexual drive. Bodybuilders and athletes can obtain excessive caliber muscle tissues when utilizing Parabolan since it contains Trenbolone which acts as a progestin. This occurs because Parabolan does not simply bind with aromatase enzyme, so the chance to expertise the effects of estrogen just isn’t prone to occur. With Out the conversion and actions of estrogen, the buildup and storage of unnecessary water and fats in the muscle fibers is not going to occur.
    Whereas tremendously beneficial to the chopping section and sometimes thought of important to aggressive bodybuilders during contest prep, Trenbolone Acetate can be a phenomenal off-season bulking steroid. When we refer to this hormonal compound as versatile, that’s actually an accurate statement. There are very few anabolic steroids that may promote mass like Trenbolone Acetate.
    The only important adverse results are usually only seen when the dosage or cycle length recommendations have been exceeded. As A End Result Of it does not aromatize, Parabolan is among the steroids that works nicely when stacked. This implies there’s no need to take an anti-estrogen medicine when utilizing steroids like Masteron or Testosterone, which could trigger gynecomastia and water retention. Regardless Of the reality that this Trenbolone steroid has potential unwanted effects, Tren Hex is certainly one of the most secure and most versatile steroids obtainable. Most generally an injectable answer, parabolan may also be administered through transdermal creams and gels. Trenbolone Hex, popularly known as or Parabolan, is the frequent name for the steroid Trenbolone Hexahydrobenzylcarbonate.
    This twin capacity for muscle achieve and fat loss sets it aside from other merchandise of its sort. A 12-week cycle for bulking can encompass a steady 200mg-400mg trenbolone per week for the whole 12 weeks, depending on which other compounds are being used and the way powerful they’re. A normal stack consists of using a testosterone ester and Winstrol for the last few weeks of a cycle.
    Even a 4-week reasonably dosed cycle can have you gaining 15 pounds, or if you select to extend to eight weeks with the right food regimen and training, then 25lbs+ is more than achievable. Remember that the longer you employ it, the extra pronounced the unwanted side effects will turn into. We can by no means say that any steroid is protected for bodybuilding or efficiency. While a quantity of different steroids have medical approval to be used in people at low doses, Trenbolone isn’t considered one of them. This means not only is Tren not deemed suitable for human use at a really low dosage if used medically, however we additionally haven’t any strong information about what effect can the use of steroids have on men (https://breastlift.com/wp-content/pgs/?buy_dianabol_5.html) larger doses and long-term use do to the physique. Equipoise and Dianabol, working alongside Parabolan and testosterone at substitute stage dosage, will provide one of the powerful bulking combos potential. Dianabol at 25mg daily offers a potent cycle kickstart and is only used for the primary six weeks as it is a fast-acting oral steroid.

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