作者:Alton Frye

烏克蘭對俄羅斯战争取得令人印象深刻的軍事勝利的故事中缺少了一些東西。 這一成功的关键是一個名為和平夥伴關係 (PfP) 的計劃。 

自 1990 年以來,烏克蘭一直是積極的參與者,這一經歷對於基輔利用北約不斷擴大的支持的能力來說是不可或缺的。

PfP 的概念根源於喬治 H.W. 布什,但在克林頓和喬治·W·布什政府期間,它成為一項嚴肅的任务。支持者認為它比正式擴大北約更可取,北約擴大是一個需要擴大條約第 5 條對每個成員國領土完整的保證的過程。

PfP 選項是那些反對北約擴大的人爭論的核心。 由丹尼爾·帕特里克·莫伊尼漢 (DN.Y.) 和約翰·華納 (R-Va.) 領導的兩黨參議員小組贊成與前蘇聯衛星國積極開展安全合作,但認為讓他們成為正式聯盟成員既沒有必要也不明智。 許多其他領導人懷疑北約早期擴張是否明智,認為俄羅斯潛在的複仇主義可以通過合作而不是將聯盟的邊界延伸到莫斯科來阻止。

在重要的方面,對俄羅斯侵略的反應證明了北約擴張的支持者和反對者都是正確的。 烏克蘭與北約的密切關係早在 1991 年就開始了,並在三年後基輔加入 PfP 時呈現出更多的官方關係。

這些不僅僅是名義上的聯繫; 他們促進了烏克蘭軍隊與北約幾個軍事機構之間的實地工作安排。 幾十年來,這種關係通過各種憲章、理事會和委員會不斷發展,特別是 1997 年的獨特夥伴關係憲章。 北約-烏克蘭委員會 (NUC) 在 2009 年的附加協議的支持下監督了範圍廣泛的規劃、培訓、桌面演習以及最重要的行動合作。

20 多年來,北約聯絡處促進了烏克蘭能力的現代化及其與盟軍的互操作性。 這些努力通常是雙邊的,因此烏克蘭軍官和軍隊與鄰國建立了密切的關係。

烏克蘭協助北約在巴爾乾地區的維和行動,包括在科索沃部署重型工程部隊。 它參與了穩定阿富汗局勢的多國努力,提供了寶貴的飛越權,並派遣醫務人員和教官幫助該國苦苦掙扎的軍隊。 烏克蘭軍官是北約在伊拉克訓練任務的一部分,烏克蘭船隻多次部署以支持地中海的反恐和反海盜監視。

這種實際的 PfP 活動網絡意味著,當俄羅斯在 2022 年發動大規模入侵時,烏克蘭準備充分利用北約的支持。

烏克蘭在戰場上的成功在很大程度上也歸功於附近的北約成員國,尤其是波蘭和波羅的海國家,他们準備支持基輔。 他們和其他聯盟夥伴吸收了戰爭造成的大量難民潮,並一直強烈主張向烏克蘭提供更好的武器。

北約東擴改變了鄰里關係。 基輔在加入該聯盟的北約政府中找到了熱心支持者,作為該進程的一部分。 當然,這些國家對俄羅斯侵略的危險最為敏感。 即使他們不是北約成員,他們的興趣也在於支持烏克蘭和阻止俄羅斯未來的侵略前景。 然而,他們的成員身份極大地增強了他們在塑造聯盟戰爭態勢方面的影響力。

如果不注意俄羅斯自身與北約的關係,這種背景將是不完整的。 蘇聯的解體從根本上改變了歐洲的安全格局,因此必須設計一種新的穩定結構。 北約被證明是基石,但它真誠地尋求將俄羅斯包括在內。 1997 年,北約俄羅斯成立法案為兩國關係制定了一套建設性原則,俄羅斯也很快加入了 PfP。

在一個充滿希望的時期,當時的總統德米特里梅德韋傑夫被問及俄羅斯是否真的可能成為北約成員。 他說還沒有提出要約,但“永遠不要說永遠不會。” 俄羅斯強烈反對美國轟炸塞爾維亞,但也有重要的合作,莫斯科為對阿富汗的國際干預運輸非軍事貨物就突顯了這一點。

可悲的是,那些良性聯繫動搖了。 莫斯科認為北約在中歐的安排是敵對的,而不是防禦性的。 俄羅斯被弗拉基米爾·普京的恐懼和野心所俘虜,使自己成為了它本不需要成為的棄兒。

顾震帝整理。02/15/2023

137,452 thoughts on “国际视角(一) 《烏克蘭軍事成功背後不為人知的故事》 ”
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    References:

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  7. Either means, it comes out to around 30 to 40% of
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    Right Here is one other picture of me having little
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    Right Here is my transformation from many
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    References:

    none; ecro.fr,

  8. This format is perfect for bodybuilders who don’t wish to mess with needles due to pain or the implications of a misplaced injection. This is because of a lower in nitric oxide, a molecule that promotes vasodilation and blood move to the penis. Thus, Deca Durabolin users can expertise impotence (erectile dysfunction), generally identified as ‘Deca dick’ (5). Trenbolone doesn’t present any vital liver issues, as it is an injectable compound and non-C-17 alpha-alkylated.
    These chemicals — typically hormones — are utilized by your organs, tissues and cells to hold out their functions. This potent drug is given to folks whose bodies cannot make sufficient steroids and is also used to deal with sicknesses like lupus, a quantity of sclerosis, cancer and extreme allergic reactions. The long list of potential prednisone side effects consists of weight achieve, so if you’re taking the drug, follow steps to combat prednisone weight acquire and lose some of the weight you’ve got put on. Anadrol is estrogenic, in contrast to Superdrol, thus inflicting vital amounts of weight acquire within the type of lean muscle and water retention. The odds of damage occurring on Superdrol are high in comparison to other anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), due to power ranges sometimes increasing drastically in a brief house of time. Thus, bodybuilders ought to be cautious concerning lifting as heavy as attainable on Superdrol, with a few of our patients experiencing ruptured hernias and requiring emergency medical surgery.
    Bodybuilders have referred to testosterone because the “safest steroid.” Nevertheless, no anabolic steroids are protected when taken in supraphysiological doses and with out medical steering. This injectable steroid is mainly used throughout bulking cycles as a outcome of it including giant amounts of muscle hypertrophy and power. Different than Winstrol being an oral steroid and never being as anabolic as trenbolone, the main different difference is that Winstrol doesn’t fill out the muscles as a lot. We discover that customers on Winstrol can generally look slightly flat (despite building muscle), which is as a outcome of of intracellular water depletion. But, they should be used wisely and underneath supervision to avoid unhealthy unwanted aspect effects. Many research show that consuming much less and shifting extra helps hold muscle mass. These strategies bring sluggish but sure progress, enhancing how the body seems over time.
    This meant that athletes might carry less weight but expertise superior athletic performance. This increase in visceral fat (around the internal organs) is attributable to insulin resistance via estrogen dominance (commonly caused by steroids that aromatize). As we wrap up this information, I encourage you to strategy your slicing cycle with a mix of determination and knowledge. Whether Or Not you’re aiming to shed those last cussed kilos or sculpt a physique worthy of the stage, remember that consistency and dedication to your meal plan are key. Throughout my slicing cycles, I confronted important psychological challenges, particularly dealing with cravings and maintaining motivation. Understanding that these emotions are widespread and developing methods to cope with them helped me stay on monitor. If taken without medical advice, they are thought-about illegal, as their addiction can cause many undesirable and dangerous side effects.
    Customers typically report gaining 20–30 kilos of lean muscle within just a few weeks of beginning a Dianabol cycle. Dianabol (Dbol) is among the strongest and broadly used anabolic steroids for fast muscle progress and bulking cycles. Combining several steroids into a stack amplifies their synergistic effects, delivering faster, more highly effective ends in muscle growth, fats loss, and efficiency enhancement. This article comprises a number of the most potent and Safe Steroid Alternatives (https://www.obekti.bg/sites/artcles/index.php?steroid_cycles_what_are_they.html) anabolic steroids designed for women. It explores in detail their benefits, elements, and utilization so you’ll be able to bulk up, minimize fats, or get lean muscle with confidence. Winstrol will suppress testosterone ranges, lowering sperm quantity and quality. Customers who administer regular cycles of toxic anabolic steroids such as Winstrol with inadequate day off in between cycles are at higher threat of testosterone deficiency or infertility.
    Nonetheless, Winstrol will trigger elevated LDL cholesterol levels (7), increases in blood strain, while straining the liver and shutting down testosterone. However, testosterone is also an effective fat burner, because it causes water retention because of aromatization, mixed with users usually consuming in a calorie surplus. Zac transitioned from being lean to ripped, gaining noticeable quantities of muscle while lowering his physique fats percentage and becoming more vascular. Its anabolic rating is 500, indicating its capability to add giant quantities of lean muscle.
    All of those compounds have important fat-burning properties without any notable ranges of aromatization, thus enhancing muscle definition and vascularity. Trenbolone, Winstrol Depot, Primobolan, and Masteron are the most effective injectable steroids for cutting, in our experience. Deca Durabolin is typically used in bulking cycles due to its anabolic effects and lack of androgenicity. Androgenic unwanted effects corresponding to hair loss (androgenic alopecia), cystic acne, and prostate enlargement can occur from trenbolone use. This is as a result of of heightened DHT ranges, which increase hair follicle harm.
    The anti-estrogen effects of Masteron made it appropriate for this function due to estrogen contributing to the expansion of those sorts of cancerous tumors. Prednisone is a corticosteroid drug that reduces inflammation in a wide range of conditions, together with muscular dystrophy, asthma, colitis, arthritis, and psoriasis. When you are feeling the first pang of hunger, attempt ingesting an eight-ounce glass of water and ready about five minutes. Before you probably can understand why Trenbolone works the way it does, you first need to understand that you’ve two forms of fats, or adipose tissue, in your body. First, you may have visceral adipose tissue, which surrounds your organs and has little or no effect in your total look. Second, you may have subcutaneous adipose tissue, which rests just below the pores and skin and has an amazing impact on your look.
    Regardless Of us letting slip that Clenbuterol isn’t a true steroid, you may count on fewer unwanted effects. Generally generally recognized as Oxandrolone, this steroid is appropriate for both men and women. With an oral suspension being attainable and a great stage of digestible absorption, Winstrol additionally makes for a main candidate for legal alternatives. This love/hate relationship comes from the truth that it is very efficient, leading to a lot of use and corresponding status for problematic use in drug-tested sports. Anybody who has used Tren extensively will be aware that the injection course of itself is somewhat distinctive in its dangers and side-effects. With the value of Oxandrolone uncooked supplies, you’re probably going to get a poor quality substitute (usually Winstrol) when shopping for black market.

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