作者:Alton Frye

烏克蘭對俄羅斯战争取得令人印象深刻的軍事勝利的故事中缺少了一些東西。 這一成功的关键是一個名為和平夥伴關係 (PfP) 的計劃。 

自 1990 年以來,烏克蘭一直是積極的參與者,這一經歷對於基輔利用北約不斷擴大的支持的能力來說是不可或缺的。

PfP 的概念根源於喬治 H.W. 布什,但在克林頓和喬治·W·布什政府期間,它成為一項嚴肅的任务。支持者認為它比正式擴大北約更可取,北約擴大是一個需要擴大條約第 5 條對每個成員國領土完整的保證的過程。

PfP 選項是那些反對北約擴大的人爭論的核心。 由丹尼爾·帕特里克·莫伊尼漢 (DN.Y.) 和約翰·華納 (R-Va.) 領導的兩黨參議員小組贊成與前蘇聯衛星國積極開展安全合作,但認為讓他們成為正式聯盟成員既沒有必要也不明智。 許多其他領導人懷疑北約早期擴張是否明智,認為俄羅斯潛在的複仇主義可以通過合作而不是將聯盟的邊界延伸到莫斯科來阻止。

在重要的方面,對俄羅斯侵略的反應證明了北約擴張的支持者和反對者都是正確的。 烏克蘭與北約的密切關係早在 1991 年就開始了,並在三年後基輔加入 PfP 時呈現出更多的官方關係。

這些不僅僅是名義上的聯繫; 他們促進了烏克蘭軍隊與北約幾個軍事機構之間的實地工作安排。 幾十年來,這種關係通過各種憲章、理事會和委員會不斷發展,特別是 1997 年的獨特夥伴關係憲章。 北約-烏克蘭委員會 (NUC) 在 2009 年的附加協議的支持下監督了範圍廣泛的規劃、培訓、桌面演習以及最重要的行動合作。

20 多年來,北約聯絡處促進了烏克蘭能力的現代化及其與盟軍的互操作性。 這些努力通常是雙邊的,因此烏克蘭軍官和軍隊與鄰國建立了密切的關係。

烏克蘭協助北約在巴爾乾地區的維和行動,包括在科索沃部署重型工程部隊。 它參與了穩定阿富汗局勢的多國努力,提供了寶貴的飛越權,並派遣醫務人員和教官幫助該國苦苦掙扎的軍隊。 烏克蘭軍官是北約在伊拉克訓練任務的一部分,烏克蘭船隻多次部署以支持地中海的反恐和反海盜監視。

這種實際的 PfP 活動網絡意味著,當俄羅斯在 2022 年發動大規模入侵時,烏克蘭準備充分利用北約的支持。

烏克蘭在戰場上的成功在很大程度上也歸功於附近的北約成員國,尤其是波蘭和波羅的海國家,他们準備支持基輔。 他們和其他聯盟夥伴吸收了戰爭造成的大量難民潮,並一直強烈主張向烏克蘭提供更好的武器。

北約東擴改變了鄰里關係。 基輔在加入該聯盟的北約政府中找到了熱心支持者,作為該進程的一部分。 當然,這些國家對俄羅斯侵略的危險最為敏感。 即使他們不是北約成員,他們的興趣也在於支持烏克蘭和阻止俄羅斯未來的侵略前景。 然而,他們的成員身份極大地增強了他們在塑造聯盟戰爭態勢方面的影響力。

如果不注意俄羅斯自身與北約的關係,這種背景將是不完整的。 蘇聯的解體從根本上改變了歐洲的安全格局,因此必須設計一種新的穩定結構。 北約被證明是基石,但它真誠地尋求將俄羅斯包括在內。 1997 年,北約俄羅斯成立法案為兩國關係制定了一套建設性原則,俄羅斯也很快加入了 PfP。

在一個充滿希望的時期,當時的總統德米特里梅德韋傑夫被問及俄羅斯是否真的可能成為北約成員。 他說還沒有提出要約,但“永遠不要說永遠不會。” 俄羅斯強烈反對美國轟炸塞爾維亞,但也有重要的合作,莫斯科為對阿富汗的國際干預運輸非軍事貨物就突顯了這一點。

可悲的是,那些良性聯繫動搖了。 莫斯科認為北約在中歐的安排是敵對的,而不是防禦性的。 俄羅斯被弗拉基米爾·普京的恐懼和野心所俘虜,使自己成為了它本不需要成為的棄兒。

顾震帝整理。02/15/2023

141,482 thoughts on “国际视角(一) 《烏克蘭軍事成功背後不為人知的故事》 ”
  1. You really make it seem so easy together with your presentation but I find this matter to be really something
    which I feel I might by no means understand. It kind of feels
    too complicated and extremely extensive for me. I’m taking a look ahead on your subsequent submit, I will attempt
    to get the grasp of it!

  2. It is essential for the maturation and maintenance of male genital traits, corresponding to the event of facial hair, a deep voice, and elevated muscular mass. There is a few testosterone current in women’s our bodies, although it is found in considerably decrease concentrations. Anavar is the preferred model name of the anabolic steroid Oxandrolone. It was used medically for various muscle wasting diseases and proved to be successful for bone issues.
    Research has found that black ladies might have higher intercourse drive than white women because of greater testosterone ranges. If you’re taking a lot of alcohol or toxic medications with it, or combine it with different medication, there could be nonetheless a chance of liver injury. Anavar is a c-17 alpha-alkylated compound, and as such, it has the potential to cause toxicity within the liver. However compared to different oral medicines, Anavar’s results on the liver usually are not too robust. The unwanted facet effects of the synthetic steroid are often not too dangerous at low doses. When a woman has excessive estrogen ranges, her body naturally shops this kind of fat.
    It is also essential for feminine bodybuilders to provoke their Anavar cycle with the bottom dosage and carefully monitor any unwanted effects. For those new to Anavar, it’s important to understand the fundamentals of an Anavar cycle. Anavar (Oxandrolone) is a mild anabolic steroid typically used for chopping purposes. A beginner’s cycle often lasts between 6 to eight weeks, with a starting dosage of 20-30mg per day.
    When we look at the Oxandrolone hormone, after we have a glance at its original supposed purpose we can largely see how the consequences of Anavar can be useful to the efficiency athlete. Anavar has the power to greatly preserve muscle tissue in sufferers who suffer from muscle losing illnesses and can even tremendously help in the repair course of; burn victims are often prescribed Oxandrolone. As must be evident this steroid doesn’t pile on large quantities of tissue as its design is basically supposed for repair and preservation. Even so, some tissue buildup will occur, particularly for the athlete in a rising part and while it is going to be very minimal will most likely be pure 100% lean tissue. Anavar can also impact levels of cholesterol, decreasing HDL (good) cholesterol and rising LDL (bad) ldl cholesterol.
    This highly effective steroid provides a spread of advantages, together with fat loss, muscle growth, increased strength, and enhanced endurance. When used responsibly underneath professional steering, the steroid is often a useful tool in reaching health objectives. It is essential to prioritize session and medical steering, observe a balanced food regimen, and keep a tailored workout routine.
    During the ’80s some medical doctors have been prescribing it to their HIV/AIDS shoppers. Sustaining a wholesome way of life and optimizing overall well being can also assist to mitigate the impression of Anavar on testosterone ranges. Regular train, proper vitamin, and adequate sleep are all important factors in supporting hormonal balance. Persistently engaging in resistance training workout routines can even help to extend testosterone ranges naturally.
    The physique adapts to Clenbuterol’s effects, making it necessary to progressively enhance your dosage till you attain your maximum desired dose. Clenbuterol’s fat-burning talents could be thought-about simply an offshoot from its authentic purpose as a bronchodilator for asthmatics. Nevertheless, that operate can bring some efficiency enhancements to your endurance functionality. Getting one of the best fat loss outcomes means utilizing Clenbuterol properly as a half of a wider fat loss plan. Whether Or Not you’re a bodybuilder, fitness model, or just somebody wanting results for your personal goals, your fat loss plan will make or break your results with Clenbuterol. Ought To you employ Clenbuterol to lose fat when you don’t intend to stay with a calorie-controlled diet and do constant bodily training? While Clen can still enhance your metabolism and probably have you ever shedding some body fat with out exercising, the quantity would be minimal and never well worth the unwanted aspect effects.
    A typical cycle for a newbie woman bodybuilder can start at a decrease dosage, possibly as low as 5mg per day. This “entrance” dosage allows the physique to steadily adapt to the presence of the steroid with a minimal probability of triggering antagonistic reactions. Winstrol is a cutting steroid that’s used to assist burn fat and enhance muscle definition and hardness.
    This supplement is nice for people who wish to enhance their strength, endurance, and muscle mass. If you’re considering taking Anavar, it’s essential to concentrate to its potential side effects on libido. Anavar is a mild steroid, however it can still have adverse effects in your sexual health. One of the commonest unwanted effects of Anavar is a decrease in testosterone ranges.
    Winny can cause masculinizing side effects in women, similar to a deepening of the voice and elevated facial hair growth. Anavar is a safer possibility for females who need to keep away from these side effects. How Winstrol will increase power by rising the amount of testosterone in your body. Testosterone is the hormone that’s liable for muscle progress and energy features.

    References:

    https://www.metooo.it/u/68037d9172b1264d48aae4ae

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *