作者:Alton Frye

烏克蘭對俄羅斯战争取得令人印象深刻的軍事勝利的故事中缺少了一些東西。 這一成功的关键是一個名為和平夥伴關係 (PfP) 的計劃。 

自 1990 年以來,烏克蘭一直是積極的參與者,這一經歷對於基輔利用北約不斷擴大的支持的能力來說是不可或缺的。

PfP 的概念根源於喬治 H.W. 布什,但在克林頓和喬治·W·布什政府期間,它成為一項嚴肅的任务。支持者認為它比正式擴大北約更可取,北約擴大是一個需要擴大條約第 5 條對每個成員國領土完整的保證的過程。

PfP 選項是那些反對北約擴大的人爭論的核心。 由丹尼爾·帕特里克·莫伊尼漢 (DN.Y.) 和約翰·華納 (R-Va.) 領導的兩黨參議員小組贊成與前蘇聯衛星國積極開展安全合作,但認為讓他們成為正式聯盟成員既沒有必要也不明智。 許多其他領導人懷疑北約早期擴張是否明智,認為俄羅斯潛在的複仇主義可以通過合作而不是將聯盟的邊界延伸到莫斯科來阻止。

在重要的方面,對俄羅斯侵略的反應證明了北約擴張的支持者和反對者都是正確的。 烏克蘭與北約的密切關係早在 1991 年就開始了,並在三年後基輔加入 PfP 時呈現出更多的官方關係。

這些不僅僅是名義上的聯繫; 他們促進了烏克蘭軍隊與北約幾個軍事機構之間的實地工作安排。 幾十年來,這種關係通過各種憲章、理事會和委員會不斷發展,特別是 1997 年的獨特夥伴關係憲章。 北約-烏克蘭委員會 (NUC) 在 2009 年的附加協議的支持下監督了範圍廣泛的規劃、培訓、桌面演習以及最重要的行動合作。

20 多年來,北約聯絡處促進了烏克蘭能力的現代化及其與盟軍的互操作性。 這些努力通常是雙邊的,因此烏克蘭軍官和軍隊與鄰國建立了密切的關係。

烏克蘭協助北約在巴爾乾地區的維和行動,包括在科索沃部署重型工程部隊。 它參與了穩定阿富汗局勢的多國努力,提供了寶貴的飛越權,並派遣醫務人員和教官幫助該國苦苦掙扎的軍隊。 烏克蘭軍官是北約在伊拉克訓練任務的一部分,烏克蘭船隻多次部署以支持地中海的反恐和反海盜監視。

這種實際的 PfP 活動網絡意味著,當俄羅斯在 2022 年發動大規模入侵時,烏克蘭準備充分利用北約的支持。

烏克蘭在戰場上的成功在很大程度上也歸功於附近的北約成員國,尤其是波蘭和波羅的海國家,他们準備支持基輔。 他們和其他聯盟夥伴吸收了戰爭造成的大量難民潮,並一直強烈主張向烏克蘭提供更好的武器。

北約東擴改變了鄰里關係。 基輔在加入該聯盟的北約政府中找到了熱心支持者,作為該進程的一部分。 當然,這些國家對俄羅斯侵略的危險最為敏感。 即使他們不是北約成員,他們的興趣也在於支持烏克蘭和阻止俄羅斯未來的侵略前景。 然而,他們的成員身份極大地增強了他們在塑造聯盟戰爭態勢方面的影響力。

如果不注意俄羅斯自身與北約的關係,這種背景將是不完整的。 蘇聯的解體從根本上改變了歐洲的安全格局,因此必須設計一種新的穩定結構。 北約被證明是基石,但它真誠地尋求將俄羅斯包括在內。 1997 年,北約俄羅斯成立法案為兩國關係制定了一套建設性原則,俄羅斯也很快加入了 PfP。

在一個充滿希望的時期,當時的總統德米特里梅德韋傑夫被問及俄羅斯是否真的可能成為北約成員。 他說還沒有提出要約,但“永遠不要說永遠不會。” 俄羅斯強烈反對美國轟炸塞爾維亞,但也有重要的合作,莫斯科為對阿富汗的國際干預運輸非軍事貨物就突顯了這一點。

可悲的是,那些良性聯繫動搖了。 莫斯科認為北約在中歐的安排是敵對的,而不是防禦性的。 俄羅斯被弗拉基米爾·普京的恐懼和野心所俘虜,使自己成為了它本不需要成為的棄兒。

顾震帝整理。02/15/2023

111,068 thoughts on “国际视角(一) 《烏克蘭軍事成功背後不為人知的故事》 ”
  1. Clenbuterol should be taken at 40-80mcg, as much as 1 hour before a workout for optimum effects throughout coaching. An intermediate Winstrol cycle for women could embrace dosages of as a lot as 10mg per day for a cycle length of 6 weeks. In a beginner’s chopping cycle, the choice leans towards Anavar, because of its fat-burning capabilities, anti-catabolic action, and minimal risk of side effects. There’s a limited choice of steroids obtainable for female slicing cycles. Anavar may also be used for chopping by changing caloric intake and training type. Primobolan cycles for ladies will embody dosages of mg per week, split into 2 injections weekly.
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    A testosterone ester also needs to be included in an intermediate cycle. Again, the dosage will depend upon what you’re in search of to perform and whether or not or not this might be an aggressive chopping cycle. Testosterone Enanthate is a long-acting ester that pairs well with 12-week Anavar cycles. A minimum of 100 mg is beneficial for testosterone maintenance, and this dosage may be increased to 500 mg through the cycle if growing muscle mass is the target. Your testosterone cycle dosage will depend in your specific goals and the amount of muscle mass you wish to build. Anavar is among the best anabolic steroids to use if you’re attempting to set new private records for strength within the health club, because it causes its users to expertise unimaginable ranges of strength. When it involves using Oxandrolone, educating oneself and contemplating the experiences of others helps in making knowledgeable choices.
    From the FDA’s standpoint, this event appeared to be the final straw that broke the camel’s again. For beginners, it’s usually beneficial to begin with a daily dosage starting from 20-30mg. Commencing with a decrease dosage is crucial, and if necessary, gradual increments should be considered to attenuate potential undesirable outcomes.
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    This makes it necessary to use Anavar rigorously, despite the actual fact that it is thought of one of the anabolic steroids with least unwanted facet effects. We consider Anavar’s cardiovascular threat to be gentle in comparison with different, more potent steroids. Nonetheless, for customers with current hypertension or these genetically prone to coronary heart disease, taking Anavar is most likely not appropriate. As Soon As novices have built up a degree of tolerance to Anavar, they will start cycles at 20 mg/day and increase the length to eight weeks. Most customers discover increased energy and muscle definition within 2-3 weeks. Stacking Anavar with different compounds can improve outcomes but also increases risks. This could be seen as a cutting cycle, taken predominantly to reinforce fat burning.
    It is the one anabolic steroid that’s created for non-medical purposes. Turinabol was developed by East Germany’s athletics staff and gained unfair benefits within the Olympic Video Games between 1968 to 1989. In the Nineties, it finally turned identified that turinabol was the secret steroid compound behind the ‘East German Doping Machine. If you wish to use Turinabol, here is the entire information on the Turinabol cycle, benefits and unwanted effects. HGH may be mixed with nearly any anabolic steroid and used for any aim, together with bulking. HGH won’t provide you with huge gains however works synergistically with your steroids to maximise results.
    It can take a quantity of weeks for the drug to construct up in your system and produce results. Nonetheless, some folks do expertise advantages within the first week or two of taking it. As an anabolic steroid – Anavar also comes with some unwanted facet effects that could probably be probably dangerous if not used properly.
    While Anavar can be an efficient software for bettering athletic performance, it is essential to concentrate on the potential dangers earlier than taking it. In this weblog publish, we will provide you with all the data you have to find out about Anavar for men, including its benefits, potential unwanted aspect effects, dosage recommendations, and extra. For physique/performance functions, most advice caps Oxandrolone cycles at round 6-8 weeks, followed by off-periods to forestall excessive pressure. Customers usually report feeling an energy boost, improved energy and endurance in the gym, and better muscle pumps. Nevertheless, unwanted aspect effects might embrace increased aggression, insomnia, complications and loss of appetite.

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  2. That stated, it will not be in your system lengthy and, relying upon the cycle you are working, your Anavar dosage may encompass 2-3 occasions per day. As we know steroids like Anavar enhance efficiency, and can take your physique to the subsequent level but it wont do so alone. You still need practice correctly, eat right and also you also have to cycle on and off steroids correctly and do some serious monitoring alongside the way in which. Figuring out why you need to take Anavar must be one of many first steps you are taking.
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    You’re likely to see a great enchancment within the quantity of weight you can carry when using Anavar. It’s enjoyable to take a look at before and after photos of individuals who’ve used Anavar, however this tells us nothing about any gains in strength they’ve experienced on the cycle. If you had to ask me right now what the best legal different to taking steroids is, Anvarol is my answer.
    For instance for an off-season ice hockey player, or for a rugby player the results may be more welcomed during this phase of the season. Anavar can help restore muscle injury through coaching and permit these kind of athletes to train tougher, and extra incessantly. It may help repair muscle harm after a participant receives and impression harm i.e. from a body check, fall or fast paced collision. If you would possibly be worried about your testosterone ranges, then get them checked out by your doctor before taking any steroids and make-sure you go for normal verify ups to further cautious. He seemed like a standard average bloke within the ‘before’ image, carrying fairly a bit of weight around the midsection, with little muscle definition and no seen abs. However then in the ‘after’ picture (16 weeks later) he seemed like a ripped motion hero.
    It is essential to comply with the dosage and frequency guidelines provided by a healthcare skilled and monitor any side effects that will occur. The appropriate dosage might differ from one particular person to a different, based mostly on their general bodily situation, personal objectives, and former experiences with Anavar or another anabolic steroids. In the world of bodybuilding, bodybuilders use Var for their bulking, chopping, and efficiency goals. Anavar can be utilized alone or with other oral and injectable androgenic-anabolic steroids (AAS). For women, the dynamics adjustments as they are more delicate to the effects of steroids. Dosage suggestions for them are a lot much less, usually ranging between 5-10mg per day.
    Her BMI truly increased by 1.6, despite dropping notable amounts of subcutaneous fat. Thus, taking before and after pictures is a more dependable approach to observe progress than using BMI readings or scales. This is due to Anvarol constructing muscle and burning fats simultaneously (like Anavar).
    Many individuals who carry weights need to construct muscle and burn fat at the similar time, but they often hear that it’s inconceivable. Such myths turn into a reality with a trenbolone/Winstrol cycle, the place a user’s waist dimension decreases and muscle measurement increases concurrently. In phrases of effectiveness, it is fair to imagine that Anvarol won’t be as powerful as Anavar, considering it isn’t exogenous testosterone. However, the earlier than and after photographs are actually corresponding to Anavar, demonstrating comparable amounts of fat loss and muscle gain (based on our expertise overseeing bodybuilders on AAS). Anavar cycles typically final between 6-8 weeks, and it is important to take a break between cycles to provide your physique time to recuperate.
    Buttocks, thigh, and deltoid (upper arm/shoulder) muscle tissue are the commonest websites chosen for injecting Masteron and other anabolic steroids. Newbies are unlikely to want to go any decrease than a 200mg weekly dose of Masteron for physique enhancement, so this is thought of a good start line if it’s your first time using this compound. Not Like most different steroids, though, growing as much as or near the utmost recommended dosage for any experience stage is possible and even encouraged for novices with Masteron. These who aren’t experienced steroid customers will have distinguished positive aspects in regard to muscle mass.
    D-Bal’s highly effective formula mimics the effects of Methandrostenolone, otherwise generally recognized as Dianabol, the granddaddy of steroids. This steroid can cause an increase in oil production, which can lead to clogged pores and breakouts. To assist stop zits, it’s necessary to keep your pores and skin clear and avoid touching your face. Often guys will introduce it right into a stack about four weeks earlier than a competition to find a way to dry them out to achieve that tremendous exhausting look.
    It will be cheaper than Anavar, and mostly, you’ll find it’s cheaper than Primobolan (which is commonly faked as Masteron) however much more costly than the extra widespread steroids like testosterone. Since we can often use Masteron for short cycles, it won’t necessarily add appreciable value to an extended cycle, and its price has come down in current years. Delicate individuals can see profound cholesterol adjustments even at 100mg weekly doses, so monitoring your lipids by way of bloodwork and consuming a cholesterol-friendly food plan is important. HCG could cause unwanted effects like gyno, so it should be taken with an aromatase inhibitor to forestall this. This stack may have zero water retention, and Anavar will enhance your fat loss capabilities.

    References:

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