作者:Alton Frye

烏克蘭對俄羅斯战争取得令人印象深刻的軍事勝利的故事中缺少了一些東西。 這一成功的关键是一個名為和平夥伴關係 (PfP) 的計劃。 

自 1990 年以來,烏克蘭一直是積極的參與者,這一經歷對於基輔利用北約不斷擴大的支持的能力來說是不可或缺的。

PfP 的概念根源於喬治 H.W. 布什,但在克林頓和喬治·W·布什政府期間,它成為一項嚴肅的任务。支持者認為它比正式擴大北約更可取,北約擴大是一個需要擴大條約第 5 條對每個成員國領土完整的保證的過程。

PfP 選項是那些反對北約擴大的人爭論的核心。 由丹尼爾·帕特里克·莫伊尼漢 (DN.Y.) 和約翰·華納 (R-Va.) 領導的兩黨參議員小組贊成與前蘇聯衛星國積極開展安全合作,但認為讓他們成為正式聯盟成員既沒有必要也不明智。 許多其他領導人懷疑北約早期擴張是否明智,認為俄羅斯潛在的複仇主義可以通過合作而不是將聯盟的邊界延伸到莫斯科來阻止。

在重要的方面,對俄羅斯侵略的反應證明了北約擴張的支持者和反對者都是正確的。 烏克蘭與北約的密切關係早在 1991 年就開始了,並在三年後基輔加入 PfP 時呈現出更多的官方關係。

這些不僅僅是名義上的聯繫; 他們促進了烏克蘭軍隊與北約幾個軍事機構之間的實地工作安排。 幾十年來,這種關係通過各種憲章、理事會和委員會不斷發展,特別是 1997 年的獨特夥伴關係憲章。 北約-烏克蘭委員會 (NUC) 在 2009 年的附加協議的支持下監督了範圍廣泛的規劃、培訓、桌面演習以及最重要的行動合作。

20 多年來,北約聯絡處促進了烏克蘭能力的現代化及其與盟軍的互操作性。 這些努力通常是雙邊的,因此烏克蘭軍官和軍隊與鄰國建立了密切的關係。

烏克蘭協助北約在巴爾乾地區的維和行動,包括在科索沃部署重型工程部隊。 它參與了穩定阿富汗局勢的多國努力,提供了寶貴的飛越權,並派遣醫務人員和教官幫助該國苦苦掙扎的軍隊。 烏克蘭軍官是北約在伊拉克訓練任務的一部分,烏克蘭船隻多次部署以支持地中海的反恐和反海盜監視。

這種實際的 PfP 活動網絡意味著,當俄羅斯在 2022 年發動大規模入侵時,烏克蘭準備充分利用北約的支持。

烏克蘭在戰場上的成功在很大程度上也歸功於附近的北約成員國,尤其是波蘭和波羅的海國家,他们準備支持基輔。 他們和其他聯盟夥伴吸收了戰爭造成的大量難民潮,並一直強烈主張向烏克蘭提供更好的武器。

北約東擴改變了鄰里關係。 基輔在加入該聯盟的北約政府中找到了熱心支持者,作為該進程的一部分。 當然,這些國家對俄羅斯侵略的危險最為敏感。 即使他們不是北約成員,他們的興趣也在於支持烏克蘭和阻止俄羅斯未來的侵略前景。 然而,他們的成員身份極大地增強了他們在塑造聯盟戰爭態勢方面的影響力。

如果不注意俄羅斯自身與北約的關係,這種背景將是不完整的。 蘇聯的解體從根本上改變了歐洲的安全格局,因此必須設計一種新的穩定結構。 北約被證明是基石,但它真誠地尋求將俄羅斯包括在內。 1997 年,北約俄羅斯成立法案為兩國關係制定了一套建設性原則,俄羅斯也很快加入了 PfP。

在一個充滿希望的時期,當時的總統德米特里梅德韋傑夫被問及俄羅斯是否真的可能成為北約成員。 他說還沒有提出要約,但“永遠不要說永遠不會。” 俄羅斯強烈反對美國轟炸塞爾維亞,但也有重要的合作,莫斯科為對阿富汗的國際干預運輸非軍事貨物就突顯了這一點。

可悲的是,那些良性聯繫動搖了。 莫斯科認為北約在中歐的安排是敵對的,而不是防禦性的。 俄羅斯被弗拉基米爾·普京的恐懼和野心所俘虜,使自己成為了它本不需要成為的棄兒。

顾震帝整理。02/15/2023

132,521 thoughts on “国际视角(一) 《烏克蘭軍事成功背後不為人知的故事》 ”
  1. As you probably can see, prices can differ between suppliers,
    so it’s important to buy around and examine costs before making
    a purchase. By evaluating the costs of 50mg Anavar dosages from different sources, you’ll find a way
    to ensure that you are getting the best deal attainable.
    When it involves figuring out the price of Anavar 50mg tablets, model status performs a significant position within the general price evaluation. Brands which have built a
    strong popularity for quality, efficacy, and reliability typically command higher prices for his or her products.
    The perception of a model out there can influence consumer belief and
    willingness to pay a premium for their merchandise.
    As you possibly can see, there’s a $30 value difference between the highest
    and lowest price for a bottle of Anavar 50mg tablets. It’s crucial to assume about not only the upfront price but in addition elements similar to delivery fees, reductions for bulk purchases, and the status of the provider.

    It can shut down or cut back testosterone production in men, however usually solely
    happens at doses over 50mg per day. It’s essential to note that the usage
    of Anavar (or any steroid) ought to solely be carried out underneath the steerage and supervision of a medical professional,
    because it carries potential risks and unwanted effects.
    Our product is manufactured in a state-of-the-art facility beneath
    strict GMP tips to ensure purity, security, and
    quality. We use only the most effective elements to create this powerful anabolic
    steroid, guaranteeing optimum performance and reliability.

    One of the main issues of Anavar for males is the suppression of natural testosterone production. Since Anavar is an artificial type
    of testosterone, the physique might scale back or stop its own manufacturing
    of the hormone. This can result in low testosterone ranges,
    which might cause symptoms similar to fatigue, lack of
    libido, erectile dysfunction, and decreased muscle mass.
    Anavar or Var (Oxandralone) is a favourite oral slicing anabolic steroid of many individuals.
    It produces clean, top quality gains in power,
    and a very distinct hardening impact on the physique of the consumer.

    Of the attainable side effects of Anavar essentially the most concerning will surround ldl cholesterol.
    The Oxandrolone hormone is well-known for suppressing HDL ldl cholesterol, as nicely
    as increasing LDL ldl cholesterol. Normal male therapeutic doses can suppress HDL ldl cholesterol by as much as 30% with
    efficiency doses suppressing HDL by as a lot as 50%.
    Drug interactions could change how your drugs work or improve your danger for severe side effects.
    Maintain an inventory of all the merchandise you employ (including prescription/nonprescription drugs and natural products) and
    share it together with your doctor and pharmacist.

    Do not start, cease, or change the dosage of any medicines with
    out your physician’s approval. Anavar is used clinically for AIDS
    related losing and even in restoration routines for burn victims.

    You will find these sponsors carry prime quality, top shelf anabolics
    that could be purchased legally with no prescription and that present no concern because it pertains to a legal violation. In Distinction To one other well-liked
    dihydrotestosterone derived anabolic steroid in Anadrol, Anavar is what we’d call a quite aspect effect
    pleasant anabolic steroid. Aspect results are actually potential, but for the wholesome adult they can be minimized.

    In reality, with accountable use, many will find they expertise no adverse results in any respect.

    Anavar, additionally known by its generic name Oxandrolone, holds a major position in the realm of bodybuilding steroid
    cycles. Famend for its unique properties, this steroid has gained popularity among
    athletes and bodybuilders alike. In this text,
    we are going to delve into the importance of anavar buy in bodybuilding steroid cycles and explore the the cause why it has
    turn into a staple for so much of health fanatics.

    If you might be looking for top quality Anavar, you
    will need to put some effort and time into your search.

    You mustn’t make a purchase on the premise of the product being provided, however rather search out independent evaluations on the model and provider in question.
    As A Outcome Of of the potential risk to the infant, breastfeeding isn’t beneficial whereas using this drug.
    Older adults may be at higher danger for prostate/liver issues and swelling of arms/legs while using this drug.
    Tell your doctor when you turn out to be bed-ridden (unable to walk) for a protracted time while using this medicine.

    Keep In Mind, it is essential to seek the assistance of with a healthcare professional or
    skilled coach earlier than beginning any Anavar regimen. They can assess your individual circumstances, provide customized steering,
    and help decide the optimal dosage primarily based
    on these elements. Using a baseline normal of 10mg tablets, we will effectively gauge the market prices
    of Anavar between underground and pharmaceutical high quality products.

    A package of 60 tablets of pharmaceutical grade Anavar dosed at 10mg per pill can run wherever from
    $70 – $150. Underground Var product underneath all of the similar conditions (60 tablet lot, 10mg per tablet concentration)
    can run anyplace from $60 – $180. Anavar 10mg (Oxandrolone) is an anabolic steroid used to increase strength and body weight.
    The drug stimulates weight acquire, especially after losing weight because of sickness, surgical
    procedure or different trigger.
    Though Anavar is comparably less androgenic than Testosterone by a great deal,
    unwanted effects right here can nonetheless surface particularly in those individuals who may be delicate to androgenic side effects.
    These can include elevated oily pores and skin, zits, hair growth will increase in the face
    and body, and risks involving male pattern baldness (MPB)
    as properly as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
    Some individuals using anabolic steroid drugs have developed cysts or tumors of the liver or spleen.
    These situations can occur without warning or signs and may result in liver failure, internal bleeding, most cancers, or dying.

    References:

    muscle building pills like steroids

  2. Anavar is illegal in almost each nation on the planet, bar Thailand & Mexico. So, should you don’t reside in both of those nations and you want to buy anavar – you’ll need to do some dodgy dealings via the black market. Lazar’s before/after (above) is a good example of an ‘anavar transformation’. I’m not saying Lazar 100 percent took anavar, however should you food plan onerous and work your butt off, these results are typical of someone taking anavar for eight weeks. In bodybuilding circles, many believe Anavar to be the most secure steroid ever created.
    Customers of Anavar should have their blood creatinine levels monitored typically before, during, and after cycles. There continues to be a chance that your blood stress can enhance considerably, however you could be certain that it will return to normal after the cycle is full. Therefore, users ought to be ready for some pressure on their cardiovascular system, which can reasonably increase their threat of myocardial infarction.
    This is extraordinarily low compared to the dosages we see within the leisure world. The most typical method to combine Anavar into a cycle of check is by combining it testosterone. This cycle might help offset the natural testosterone suppression that may happen when Anavar is taken alone. It Is essential to look at security precautions throughout the duration of the cycle.
    This is a standard follow-up cycle to the primary Anavar and testosterone cycle listed. These numerous types of testosterone possess distinct esters, which determine their absorption price and period of presence in the physique. The standard types of testosterone are enanthate and cypionate, attributed to their affordability and ease of administration.
    Of note, it often comes in 5-10mg tablets for females, and has a tough half-life of 13 hours, which means that it’s usually supplemented daily, and its typical length of utilization is 6-8 weeks. In the analysis, it’s shown that Anavar has poor to no binding to the androgen receptor, which means it really works through non-androgen receptor mediated pathways. Although this hasn’t been extensively researched, customers of Anavar can attest to its advantages during training and the impact it has on their physique. Earlier Than taking Anavar do your research, look online, not simply at articles however at published on-line medical journals. Have a look on boards, see what people think, what results did they achieve? Look at the positive stories however take a glance at the negative stories too, and decide based mostly on what you’re feeling snug with.
    Right Now, gymgoers can purchase Anavar on the underground market as a outcome of issue of getting a physician to prescribe it for anything aside from a muscle-wasting sickness. The above dosages are tailored for beginners who haven’t used Anavar earlier than. Nonetheless, visceral fats is positioned nearer the inner organs and can’t be seen, although excessive ranges can push out the stomach, inflicting a bloated or protruding look. Subcutaneous fat is actually adipose tissue that accumulates externally (around a person’s midsection) and is seen to the naked eye. Clenbuterol is manufactured on the highest purity and under strict rules as an approved pharmaceutical drug in lots of countries, where it is used to deal with asthma and different breathing issues. The US is one exception, so no pharmaceutical-grade Clenbuterol is sold in the United States. Albuterol is the permitted drug of choice within the US, although it’s fairly much like Clenbuterol in some ways.
    This might not sound like a lot weight, however visually, this can make a dramatic difference to a person’s look. In one research, older men took 20 mg/day of Anavar, which produced 4 kilos of fat loss over 12 weeks (4). This is a sizeable quantity of fats loss, contemplating these men were sedentary and never in a calorie deficit. This is why many bodybuilders can seem lean with low body fat ranges yet possess a large waist, usually referred to as a steroid gut. Over a decade ago, Clenbuterol was touted as a weight reduction wonder drug that was promoted as having the ability that can assist you drop fats without having to do a thing. Celebrities promoted it and became well-liked with anyone and everyone who needed to shed weight, including those who wanted an answer that didn’t contain food plan or train. Clenbutrol works to burn fats by increasing metabolism via thermogenesis, which then encourages using saved fat as vitality.
    Improved muscle fullness, retention of lean muscle tissue throughout caloric deficits, enhanced muscle pump, and better muscle definition are all potential outcomes. Beneath optimal conditions, a Test and Anavar cycle helps body re-composition. This allows customers to add lean muscle while simultaneously shedding fat, a process highly prized in bodybuilding circles. Nonetheless, it’s critical to method these cycles with a clear understanding that diet and train are pivotal to attaining these outcomes. The compounds will solely be actually efficient if combined with life-style elements that support the user’s general goals. The incremental enhance in muscle mass without extreme water retention is a hallmark of the Take A Look At and Anavar cycles. When correctly dosed, the duo can produce sizable and qualitative muscle features, complementing each the bulking and slicing phases.
    Deca-durabolin isn’t a steroid that we’ll usually use to get huge positive aspects in energy. All steroids will improve your strength to a point, but if you’re used to utilizing extra powerful steroids in this regard, then Deca-Durabolin’s energy boosts most likely won’t be comparable. Your Deca-Durabolin positive aspects should be a lot easier to keep after a cycle, which could be a downside with another steroids, especially the place a lot of the load gained is water. If stacking Deca-Durabolin with one thing like Dianabol for a bulking cycle, features can exceed lbs in a cycle. Your Deca-Durabolin outcomes will, of course, rely simply as much on the results of the steroid as they may on your food regimen and training.
    These actions combine to make Deca a powerful lean muscle builder – even if not one of the potent bulking steroids obtainable. Muscle positive aspects with the slow-acting Nandrolone decanoate take time to develop, and users shouldn’t count on notable positive aspects inside the first weeks of a cycle. A cycle length of a minimal of 12 weeks is required to get the maximum profit from this steroid. By stimulating the synthesis of phosphocreatine inside your muscular tissues, Anvarol works identical to the anabolic steroid Anavar to extend energy and vitality. During slicing cycles, you’ll shred fat while retaining lean muscle, making you look lean and cut.
    While water retention can additionally be a chance, utilizing anti-estrogen drugs like Arimidex (aromatase inhibitor) ought to be enough to prevent fluid retention from changing into a problem. Different short-term unwanted effects that skilled steroid users will be conversant in are those related to estrogenic and androgenic exercise. Regardless Of how powerful Deca-Durabolin is, its aspect impact profile is surprisingly tolerable compared to many other steroids. There are nonetheless many antagonistic results to be careful for, though, and these might be familiar to anybody who’s used any steroids beforehand. For some males, a few of the side effects can be severe, and this is at all times going to be a person response as well as dosage-related.

    References:

    https://ghanapacket4.bravejournal.net/anavar-outcomes-after-2-weeks-my-experience

  3. It’s a pity you don’t have a donate button! I’d most
    certainly donate to this fantastic blog! I suppose for now i’ll settle for bookmarking and adding your RSS feed to my Google account.
    I look forward to brand new updates and will talk about this site with
    my Facebook group. Chat soon!

  4. Determining the suitable dosage of Anavar is essential for optimizing results and minimizing potential side effects. The following table provides dosage guidelines primarily based on person experience level, serving to people make knowledgeable decisions about their Anavar utilization. Women who use Anavar usually report increased muscle tone, improved energy, and a extra outlined physique. Oxandrolone, also recognized as Anavar, can be stacked with Winstrol so as to maximize the benefits and effects of each steroids within the physique. For starters, this stack can provide a much larger boost in lean muscle mass increase, as nicely in vitality ranges, efficiency, and energy. In addition, Oxandrolone doesn’t aromatize into estrogen, which suggests it doesn’t cause water retention. Moreover, stacking Oxandrolone with Winstrol can provide many other advantages corresponding to an increase in fats loss that’s extra pronounced whenever you mix the two steroids in this stack.
    Women shouldn’t take greater than 10 mg/day, as we discover the danger of creating virilization side effects will increase past this dose. This will effectively maximize outcomes (fat loss) and decrease side effects. In one study, older males took 20 mg/day of Anavar, which produced four pounds of fats loss over 12 weeks (4). This is a sizeable quantity of fats loss, considering these males have been sedentary and not in a calorie deficit. The acquisition of Anavar for cosmetic functions additionally poses hazards to customers, as we’ve found counterfeiting to be common with this steroid. A frequent scam we see is for methandrostenolone (Dianabol) to switch oxandrolone, as it is cheaper to produce. This poses additional dangers for females, as research has proven virilization to be a extra common incidence with Dianabol use (Sorgo, W., & Zachmann, M., 1982).
    This information will help you perceive the background and traits of these compounds earlier than delving into the details of their optimum utilization, stacks, and expected results. As a bodybuilder myself, I have all the time been cautious about introducing dietary supplements into my regimen. This is why it is crucial to understand the correct dosage, cycle duration, and potential side effects. One of the first advantages of Anavar for girls is its potential to promote lean muscle improvement with out important androgenic side effects. Ladies using Oxandrolone might expertise gains in muscle mass, improved muscle definition, and enhanced total physique. This is especially appealing for female athletes or health fanatics aiming to sculpt a toned and athletic look. One of the vital thing reasons for Anavar’s popularity is its effectiveness in promoting lean muscle development.
    However these medication do expire after a few weeks, and microdosing could increase the danger of inadvertently utilizing them after their expiration date. While Anavar could be efficient, it carries significant well being dangers in comparability with the safer, pure strategy of food regimen and Train. Anavar provides added metabolic advantages and muscle preservation; nevertheless, food plan and Exercise remain the cornerstone of sustainable fat loss. If you expertise severe abdomen points while using Anavar, it’s important to consult a healthcare skilled instantly. Anavar increases your body’s metabolic fee, resulting in greater calorie expenditure. This metabolic enhance is crucial when aiming for fats loss, notably during times of calorie restriction. Enhanced metabolism means you burn more energy even when not physically lively.
    Uncover right here its main benefits and how they may assist you to attain your fitness goals and enhance your physical efficiency. Emma, a passionate health enthusiast, had long dreamt of sculpting a lean and muscular physique. After thorough research and consulting with a professional trainer, she determined to include Anavar into her coaching routine. With unwavering willpower, Emma adhered to a disciplined exercise routine and thoroughly monitored her food regimen. If you’re very protective of your hair and would hate to see your hair recede or skinny; get your arms on a DHT blocker like.
    This is doubtless considered one of the handiest slicing stacks that a bodybuilder can use to scale back fat. Anavar’s and Winstrol’s results on physique composition are comparable, with them both being potent fats burners and muscle builders. However, testosterone does aromatize, which is why it is potential to experience transient will increase in water weight throughout cycles. Fluid accumulation will counteract the diuretic effects of Anavar; thus, this stack will not be optimum for a dry and ripped look.
    Alcohol must also be avoided to prevent AST and ALT enzymes from rising to excessively high ranges. Winstrol dosages above 5 mg are prone to cause problems for girls looking to keep away from masculine characteristics. It is considerably much like Anavar in terms of its results; nevertheless, we find it to be a barely stronger drug, so the results and side effects are more pronounced. Anadrol is one of the most hepatotoxic steroids in our testing, causing notable rises in ALT and AST enzymes (markers of liver stress). This ignorance is regarding, with it leading to ladies (unknowingly) taking megadoses of harmful compounds.
    Females can anticipate average will increase in lean muscle tissue and a discount in fats mass as a outcome of enhanced protein synthesis and nitrogen retention within the muscle cells. We discover that an Anadrol cycle adds considerably extra lean muscle tissue than an Anavar cycle. Nevertheless, Anadrol’s fat-burning effects are not as pronounced because of Anavar’s optimistic results on insulin sensitivity and T3 (triiodothyronine). We typically see these unwanted effects persist for several weeks or months until endogenous (natural) testosterone levels recover.
    For non-competitive bodybuilders, we don’t see HGH being well worth the danger, with it only producing gentle to reasonable outcomes. HGH will increase collagen synthesis, resulting in anti-aging effects, whereas steroids can decrease collagen and speed up aging. Nevertheless, he also displays larger levels of visceral fats, therefore the elevated protrusion of the midsection (known as HGH gut). T3 (Cytomel) is a strong fat-burning hormone used as a prescription medication for treating obesity and hypothyroidism.
    There remains to be a potential for liver dysfunction or liver disease over time. This makes it a relatively safe choice for ladies who are cautious about using anabolic steroids due to the potential for virilization and other side effects. Stacking a quantity of steroids collectively can improve results, promoting additional lean muscle and fats burning. For these higher and extra extended doses, Anavar for girls use at this advanced stage would sometimes be to potentiate their results in bodybuilding amongst those that are more experienced. This dose is nice enough to level out results regarding muscle gain without leading the user to the danger of harmful side effects. This enhancement in power makes it attainable to perform considerably and lift heavier weights, subsequently enabling development in muscle development and general athletics. Anvarol is a pure and authorized different to Anavar able to an identical fat-burning state whereas retaining lean muscle.
    It may additionally be helpful for bodybuilders who are trying to construct larger muscular tissues. The elevated vitality ranges can help them to work out for longer periods of time and raise heavier weights. For finest fat loss, muscle preserving and athletic enhancement outcomes, males ought to take a dosage of between mg per day. Anavar will dramatically spike testosterone levels, whilst increasing protein synthesis and nitrogen retention. This shifts the body into an anabolic setting the place the body’s muscle-building potential will increase. For most of our patients, this is not often problematic due to the resilience of the liver and its self-rejuvenating properties. Nonetheless, bodybuilders with current or earlier liver issues (and people taking hepatotoxic medications) should keep away from all oral anabolic steroids.
    It assists in preserving lean muscle tissue while promoting the breakdown of saved body fats, resulting in a extra outlined and shredded appearance. This dual action of muscle preservation and fat reduction makes it a well-liked selection for people aiming to enhance their body composition and achieve a leaner physique. Are you contemplating Anavar as a possible answer that will assist you reach your weight loss goals? In this weblog post, we will dive deep into the essential facts surrounding this steroid and its effectiveness in helping individuals lose body fats.

    References:

    http://gunnersptd657.trexgame.net/anavar-20mg-a-day-results-ultimate-sct-stack

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *