作者：Alton Frye
烏克蘭對俄羅斯战争取得令人印象深刻的軍事勝利的故事中缺少了一些東西。 這一成功的关键是一個名為和平夥伴關係 (PfP) 的計劃。
自 1990 年以來，烏克蘭一直是積極的參與者，這一經歷對於基輔利用北約不斷擴大的支持的能力來說是不可或缺的。
PfP 的概念根源於喬治 H.W. 布什，但在克林頓和喬治·W·布什政府期間，它成為一項嚴肅的任务。支持者認為它比正式擴大北約更可取，北約擴大是一個需要擴大條約第 5 條對每個成員國領土完整的保證的過程。
PfP 選項是那些反對北約擴大的人爭論的核心。 由丹尼爾·帕特里克·莫伊尼漢 (DN.Y.) 和約翰·華納 (R-Va.) 領導的兩黨參議員小組贊成與前蘇聯衛星國積極開展安全合作，但認為讓他們成為正式聯盟成員既沒有必要也不明智。 許多其他領導人懷疑北約早期擴張是否明智，認為俄羅斯潛在的複仇主義可以通過合作而不是將聯盟的邊界延伸到莫斯科來阻止。
在重要的方面，對俄羅斯侵略的反應證明了北約擴張的支持者和反對者都是正確的。 烏克蘭與北約的密切關係早在 1991 年就開始了，並在三年後基輔加入 PfP 時呈現出更多的官方關係。
這些不僅僅是名義上的聯繫； 他們促進了烏克蘭軍隊與北約幾個軍事機構之間的實地工作安排。 幾十年來，這種關係通過各種憲章、理事會和委員會不斷發展，特別是 1997 年的獨特夥伴關係憲章。 北約-烏克蘭委員會 (NUC) 在 2009 年的附加協議的支持下監督了範圍廣泛的規劃、培訓、桌面演習以及最重要的行動合作。
20 多年來，北約聯絡處促進了烏克蘭能力的現代化及其與盟軍的互操作性。 這些努力通常是雙邊的，因此烏克蘭軍官和軍隊與鄰國建立了密切的關係。
烏克蘭協助北約在巴爾乾地區的維和行動，包括在科索沃部署重型工程部隊。 它參與了穩定阿富汗局勢的多國努力，提供了寶貴的飛越權，並派遣醫務人員和教官幫助該國苦苦掙扎的軍隊。 烏克蘭軍官是北約在伊拉克訓練任務的一部分，烏克蘭船隻多次部署以支持地中海的反恐和反海盜監視。
這種實際的 PfP 活動網絡意味著，當俄羅斯在 2022 年發動大規模入侵時，烏克蘭準備充分利用北約的支持。
烏克蘭在戰場上的成功在很大程度上也歸功於附近的北約成員國，尤其是波蘭和波羅的海國家，他们準備支持基輔。 他們和其他聯盟夥伴吸收了戰爭造成的大量難民潮，並一直強烈主張向烏克蘭提供更好的武器。
北約東擴改變了鄰里關係。 基輔在加入該聯盟的北約政府中找到了熱心支持者，作為該進程的一部分。 當然，這些國家對俄羅斯侵略的危險最為敏感。 即使他們不是北約成員，他們的興趣也在於支持烏克蘭和阻止俄羅斯未來的侵略前景。 然而，他們的成員身份極大地增強了他們在塑造聯盟戰爭態勢方面的影響力。
如果不注意俄羅斯自身與北約的關係，這種背景將是不完整的。 蘇聯的解體從根本上改變了歐洲的安全格局，因此必須設計一種新的穩定結構。 北約被證明是基石，但它真誠地尋求將俄羅斯包括在內。 1997 年，北約俄羅斯成立法案為兩國關係制定了一套建設性原則，俄羅斯也很快加入了 PfP。
在一個充滿希望的時期，當時的總統德米特里梅德韋傑夫被問及俄羅斯是否真的可能成為北約成員。 他說還沒有提出要約，但“永遠不要說永遠不會。” 俄羅斯強烈反對美國轟炸塞爾維亞，但也有重要的合作，莫斯科為對阿富汗的國際干預運輸非軍事貨物就突顯了這一點。
可悲的是，那些良性聯繫動搖了。 莫斯科認為北約在中歐的安排是敵對的，而不是防禦性的。 俄羅斯被弗拉基米爾·普京的恐懼和野心所俘虜，使自己成為了它本不需要成為的棄兒。
顾震帝整理。02/15/2023
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The Vatican Museum: A Journey Through Time and Art
Nestled within the Vatican City, the Vatican Museums stand as one of the most iconic cultural institutions in the world. With their unparalleled collection of art and history, they offer an extraordinary experience for visitors from all walks of life. Housing over 70,000 works of art, with 20,000 on display, these museums are a testament to humanity’s enduring quest for beauty, knowledge, and spirituality.
A Brief History
The origins of the Vatican Museums trace back to 1506 when Pope Julius II acquired a marble statue known as “Laocoon and His Sons.” This masterpiece marked the beginning of what would become one of the most extensive and revered art collections in the world. Over the centuries, successive Popes expanded the collection, commissioning and acquiring works from renowned artists and civilizations spanning millennia.
Today, the Vatican Museums are a series of interconnected museums and galleries, showcasing art and artifacts from ancient Egypt, classical antiquity, the Renaissance, and beyond. They serve as a bridge between the past and present, inviting visitors to immerse themselves in a world of creativity and devotion.
Highlights of the Vatican Museums
1. The Sistine Chapel:
The Sistine Chapel is arguably the crown jewel of the Vatican Museums. Michelangelo’s breathtaking frescoes, including the iconic “The Creation of Adam” and “The Last Judgment,” adorn its ceiling and altar wall. These masterpieces are considered some of the greatest achievements in the history of art, offering a profound spiritual and artistic experience.
2. Raphael Rooms:
Commissioned by Pope Julius II, the Raphael Rooms showcase the genius of Renaissance artist Raphael. The “School of Athens,” a depiction of classical philosophers, is a standout piece that exemplifies harmony, perspective, and intellectual depth.
3. Gallery of Maps:
A visual feast for cartography enthusiasts, the Gallery of Maps features 40 detailed topographical maps of Italy, meticulously painted by Ignazio Danti in the late 16th century. The vibrant colors and intricate details make this gallery a must-see.
4. Gregorian Egyptian Museum:
For those intrigued by ancient civilizations, the Gregorian Egyptian Museum offers a fascinating glimpse into Egypt’s history. With mummies, statues, and papyri, it transports visitors to a time of pharaohs and pyramids.
5. Pinacoteca:
The Pinacoteca, or picture gallery, houses an impressive collection of paintings from the Middle Ages to the 19th century. Works by Leonardo da Vinci, Caravaggio, and Titian are among its treasures.
Tips for Visiting the Vatican Museums
Book Tickets in Advance: The Vatican Museums attract millions of visitors annually. To avoid long queues, consider purchasing skip-the-line tickets or guided tour packages online.
Choose the Right Time: Visiting early in the morning or late in the afternoon can help you avoid peak crowds. Wednesday mornings are especially busy due to the Pope’s weekly audience.
Dress Appropriately: As a religious site, the Vatican has a dress code. Ensure your shoulders and knees are covered to gain entry.
Take a Guided Tour: To fully appreciate the history and significance of the collections, opt for a guided tour. Expert guides provide insightful commentary, enriching your experience.
Allocate Sufficient Time: The museums are vast, and exploring them can take several hours. Prioritize your must-see areas and allow time to soak in the ambiance.
The Cultural Significance of the Vatican Museums
The Vatican Museums are more than a repository of art; they represent a convergence of faith, culture, and human achievement. They bear witness to the Catholic Church’s role in preserving and fostering artistic expression throughout history. The collections highlight the interplay between spirituality and creativity, offering visitors a profound connection to the divine and the universal human experience.
Practical Information
Location: Vatican City, accessible from Rome.
Opening Hours: Typically open Monday through Saturday, with limited hours on Sundays. Check the official website for holiday schedules.
Tickets: Standard entry fees vary, with discounts available for students and children.
Accessibility: The museums are wheelchair accessible, with lifts and pathways designed for visitors with mobility challenges.
The Vatican Museums are a treasure trove of art, history, and spirituality, offering a transformative journey through humanity’s creative and cultural legacy. Whether you are an art aficionado, a history enthusiast, or a spiritual seeker, the museums promise an unforgettable experience. Plan your visit today to explore one of the world’s greatest cultural landmarks and discover the timeless beauty that lies within its walls.
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