武装冲突从来都不是直来直去的。 武器不是力量。 民族认同很重要。
作者：菲利普斯·佩森·奥布莱恩 (Phillips Payson O’Brien)
尽管俄罗斯在乌克兰发动的可怕战争的后果将在数十年内逐渐显现，但从这场冲突中吸取的三个教训已经很清楚了,而且，回想起来，应该一直都是显而易见的。 一年前的今天，当入侵开始时，外界的大部分评论都集中在俄罗斯的优势上。 人们普遍认为，弗拉基米尔·普京总统的军队拥有压倒性的空中力量和火力、快速移动的地面部队和广泛的网络战能力,所有这些据说都意味着俄罗斯将迅速征服其邻国。 它声称的力量似乎如此强大，以至于当俄罗斯军队刚刚越过边界时，一些分析人士都在思考哪位亲莫斯科的乌克兰政客可能会领导基辅的傀儡政权。
然而，过去 12 个月的第一个教训是，战争绝非易事或直来直去的——这就是为什么发动战争对任何国家来说几乎总是错误的决定。 美国有时让战争看起来很简单，最明显的是 1991 年，当时沙漠风暴行动在一个半月内将伊拉克军队赶出了科威特。 然而，只有在美国进行了长达十年的军事建设并部署了世界上最先进的军事技术之后，才有可能取得这一胜利。 即使在那时，海湾战争的一个决定性特征是美国并没有试图占领另一个社会。 当向巴格达进军的机会出现时，乔治·H·W·布什总统的政府却退缩了。
在此后的三十年里，尽管美国拥有世界上最大的经济体和最强大的武装力量，但事实证明，美国通常无法将其主导地位转化为快速的胜利，而最终陷入旷日持久的冲突，充其量只是结果喜忧参半。 战争开始容易，结束难。没有人真正知道军队、技术和经济资源在激烈的战斗中会如何表现。 计划失败，混乱笼罩，军事优势变成僵持时期。
过去一年在乌克兰发生的战争比沙漠风暴更为典型。俄罗斯的压倒性力量不过是； 俄罗斯没有向乌克兰人发动现代战争，而是依靠陈旧的武器和指挥结构。 俄罗斯军队没有在几周内占领基辅，而是经历了重大的系统故障。 从那以后，俄罗斯的问题似乎变得更糟了。 普京换帅如换袜子，装备质量下降，伤亡人数暴增。 现在，俄罗斯和乌克兰军队在长长的血淋淋的战壕中对峙，普京几乎没有希望按照他的意愿结束战争。
尽管冲突中的一方几乎从来不会简单地压倒另一方，但对于像俄罗斯这样存在严重缺陷的大国来说，失败的风险尤其高。 当前战争的第二个教训是，军事力量不是国家力量的基础，而是塑造国家武装力量的经济、技术、政治和社会因素的产物。 俄罗斯对乌克兰的入侵有时被描述为大国对抗小国。 在西方政策圈，俄罗斯专家的主导地位——他们中的许多人在其职业生涯中一直将俄罗斯视为地区霸主，而其邻国主要是后苏联国家，促成了这种事件框架。
俄罗斯无疑是一个核大国，但从几乎所有其他标准来看，它都远远落后于其声誉。 俄罗斯经济存在严重缺陷。 其国内生产总值在世界上排名第十，不到美国的十分之一。 俄罗斯的大部分财富是通过资源开采创造的，因此很少生产高科技产品，实际上几乎没有其他具有任何实际价值的产品。 在社会方面，人口正在萎缩且预期寿命相对较低的俄罗斯表现出极大的痛苦迹象。 在政治上，它在一个独裁者的统治下已经僵化，独裁者通过容忍接近王位的人的腐败来巩固他对国家的控制。
换句话说，今天的俄罗斯军队是盗贼统治没落的产物，而不是大国的产物。
通过忽视俄罗斯的系统性弱点，西方分析家帮助制造了民主国家今天所处的混乱局面。 基于武器数量的假设认为乌克兰太弱，无法在公开战斗中抵抗俄罗斯，因此推迟了向陷入困境的国家提供大量军事援助。 这是一个有悖常理的循环论证：因为俄罗斯强大而乌克兰弱小，我们应该停止向乌克兰提供援助。
幸运的是，事实证明这种说法是站不住脚的。 这场战争以及 1945 年以来的许多其他战争的第三个教训是，低估民族认同的重要性会导致军事灾难。 按照传统标准，乌克兰相对于今天的俄罗斯比 1980 年代阿富汗相对于苏联以及 1960 年代北越相对于美国要强大得多。 两个冷战超级大国都因试图用武力镇压当地抵抗力量而感到羞愧，都不得不撤军。
然而，在俄罗斯入侵乌克兰的前期和去年的大部分时间里，西方许多人未能意识到乌克兰人对他们的独立和民主的重视程度。 一些关注俄罗斯的学者似乎已经接受了莫斯科的观点，认为乌克兰是一个软弱的、人为的实体，缺乏广泛的民众支持。 北约支持基辅的怀疑论者主要关注乌克兰的腐败（同时忽视了腐败对俄罗斯权力的影响）。
这样的判断和质疑现在看来是愚蠢的。 乌克兰人的身份从一开始就是坚强而坚决的。 许多分析家忽视了民主国家，即使是不完美的民主国家，相对于独裁国家的军事优势。 尽管前者在受到威胁时经常显得混乱和分裂，但他们可以更强有力、更灵活、更聪明地做出反应，部分原因是他们的公民感到有能力在战斗环境发生变化时即兴发挥和表现出主动性。 这种模式在乌克兰也适用。 尽管最初拥有的先进武器较少，但乌克兰进行了顽强的反击，给俄罗斯造成了深远的影响，据估计，俄罗斯已经损失了战争开始时拥有的一半主战坦克。
结果如此明显，以至于之前淡化乌克兰机会的某些评论员似乎改变了主意。 前国务卿亨利·基辛格一直主张美国应该在西方和俄罗斯之间保持中立，他去年坚持要求基辅做出领土让步。 但今年早些时候，他表示支持乌克兰加入北约。
过去一年的三个教训：战争从来不是直来直去的； 权力不基于武器； 民族认同具有军事价值，这应该让民主支持者松一口气。
Phillips Payson O’Brien 是苏格兰圣安德鲁斯大学战略研究教授。 他是《战争是如何获胜的：空海力量和盟军在第二次世界大战中的胜利》一书的作者。
顾震帝整理，2023年，2月，28日。
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Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky will meet US President Joe Biden and Vice President Kamala Harris in Washington on Thursday. Leon Neal/Getty Images
CNN
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Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky’s visit to the White House on Thursday could be his final chance to convince a receptive American president of his country’s war aims.
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The precise details of the “victory plan” Zelensky plans to present in separate meetings to President Joe Biden and Vice President Kamala Harris are unknown, having been closely held until they are presented to the American leaders.
But according to people briefed on its broad contours, the plan reflects the Ukrainian leader’s urgent appeals for more immediate help countering Russia’s invasion. Zelensky is also poised to push for long-term security guarantees that could withstand changes in American leadership ahead of what is widely expected to be a close presidential election between Harris and former President Donald Trump.
The plan, people familiar with it said, acts as Zelensky’s response to growing war weariness even among his staunchest of western allies. It will make the case that Ukraine can still win — and does not need to cede Russian-seized territory for the fighting to end — if enough assistance is rushed in.
That includes again asking permission to fire Western provided long-range weapons deeper into Russian territory, a line Biden once was loathe to cross but which he’s recently appeared more open to as he has come under growing pressure to relent.
Even if Biden decides to allow the long-range fires, it’s unclear whether the change in policy would be announced publicly.
Biden is usually apt to take his time making decisions about providing Ukraine new capabilities. But with November’s election potentially portending a major change in American approach to the war if Trump were to win, Ukrainian officials — and many American ones — believe there is little time to waste.
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Trump has claimed he will be able to “settle” the war upon taking office and has suggested he’ll end US support for Kyiv’s war effort.
“Those cities are gone, they’re gone, and we continue to give billions of dollars to a man who refused to make a deal, Zelensky. There was no deal that he could have made that wouldn’t have been better than the situation you have right now. You have a country that has been obliterated, not possible to be rebuilt,” Trump said during a campaign speech in Mint Hill, North Carolina, on Wednesday.
Comments like those have lent new weight to Thursday’s Oval Office talks, according to American and European officials, who have described an imperative to surge assistance to Ukraine while Biden is still in office.
As part of Zelensky’s visit, the US is expected to announce a major new security package, thought it will likely delay the shipping of the equipment due to inventory shortages, CNN previously reported according to two US officials. On Wednesday, the US announced a package of $375 million.
The president previewed Zelensky’s visit to the White House a day beforehand, declaring on the margins of the United Nations General Assembly his administration was “determined to ensure that Ukraine has what it needs to prevail in fight for survival.”
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“Tomorrow, I will announce a series of actions to accelerate support for Ukraine’s military – but we know Ukraine’s future victory is about more than what happens on the battlefield, it’s also about what Ukrainians do make the most of a free and independent future, which so many have sacrificed so much for,” he said.
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Beirut, Lebanon
CNN
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A deadly Israeli airstrike on Hezbollah’s stronghold in southern Beirut on Friday has left over a dozen people dead, including a high-ranking Hezbollah commander, sharply escalating the conflict between the two sides and raising fears of all-out war.
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Senior Hezbollah commander Ibrahim Aqil, part of Hezbollah’s elite Radwan Force, was assassinated along with “about 10” other commanders, Israel Defense Forces (IDF) spokesperson Daniel Hagari said, accusing them of planning to raid and occupy communities in Galilee in northern Israel.
Hezbollah confirmed Aqil’s death on Friday, saying he was killed “following a treacherous Israeli assassination operation on 09/20/2024 in the southern suburbs of Beirut.”
According to Hagari, the targeted commanders were “underground underneath a residential building in the heart of the Dahiyeh neighborhood, using civilians as a human shield” at the time of the attack.
Lebanon’s health ministry said at least 14 people were killed and 66 others injured in the airstrike, which leveled a multistory building in a densely populated neighborhood.
Aqil had a $7 million bounty on his head from the United States for his suspected involvement in the 1983 strike on the US Embassy in Beirut, which killed 63 people, as well as the bombing of the Beirut Marine barracks, which killed 241 US personnel later that year.
A CNN team on the ground in Beirut saw a frantic effort to rescue people from underneath the rubble and rush the wounded to hospital. Witnesses said nearby buildings shook for nearly half an hour after the strike, which the IDF said it had carried out at around 4 p.m. local time.
A week of surprise attacks
Friday’s strike marked the fourth consecutive day of surprise attacks on Beirut and other sites across the country, even as Israeli forces continued deadly strikes and operations in Gaza and the occupied West Bank.
The first major attack against Hezbollah this week came Tuesday afternoon when pagers belonging to the militant groups’ members exploded near-simultaneously. The pagers had been used by Hezbollah to communicate after the group’s leader, Hassan Nasrallah, encouraged members to switch to low-tech devices to prevent more of them from being assassinated.
Almost exactly 24 hours later, Lebanon was rocked by a second wave of explosions, after Hezbollah walkie-talkies detonated in Beirut and the south of the country on Wednesday.
At least 37 people were killed, including some children, and more than 3,000 were injured in the twin attacks.
In a United Nations Security Council meeting on Friday, UN human rights chief Volker Turk on Friday warned that the detonation of communication devices could violate international human rights law.
Lebanese Foreign Minister Abdallah Bou Habib and Israeli Ambassador to the UN Danny Danon clashed at the heated meeting, with Bou Habib calling on the council to condemn Israel’s actions and Danon slamming the Lebanese envoy for not mentioning Hezbollah.
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